Metals and Non-metals

Notes

8. Reactivity Series Definition

The Reactivity Series is the arrangement of metals in the decreasing order of their reactivity.

Reactivity Series (Most Reactive → Least Reactive) Symbol Metal K Potassium Na Sodium Ca Calcium Mg Magnesium Al Aluminium Zn Zinc Fe Iron Pb Lead (H) Hydrogen (Reference only) Cu Copper Hg Mercury Ag Silver Au Gold

Remember: Metals above hydrogen can displace hydrogen from dilute acids, while metals below hydrogen cannot.

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P – Potassium (K) S – Sodium (Na) C – Calcium (Ca) M – Magnesium (Mg) A – Aluminium (Al) Z – Zinc (Zn) I – Iron (Fe) T – Tin (Sn)* (NCERT includes Pb instead of Sn in many tables; JAC mainly follows Pb after Fe.) L – Lead (Pb) H – Hydrogen C – Copper (Cu) S – Silver (Ag) G – Gold (Au) 9. Displacement Reaction

A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its salt solution.

Example

Zn + CuSO₄ → ZnSO₄ + Cu

Observation:

Blue colour of CuSO₄ fades. Brown copper metal is deposited. 10. Ionic Compounds Definition

Compounds formed by the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal are called ionic compounds.

Example

NaCl (Sodium Chloride)

Sodium loses 1 electron → Na⁺ Chlorine gains 1 electron → Cl⁻

Na⁺ + Cl⁻ → NaCl

Properties of Ionic Compounds Hard and brittle. High melting and boiling points. Soluble in water. Conduct electricity in molten state or aqueous solution. Do not conduct electricity in solid state. 11. Extraction of Metals

Metals are extracted from their ores.

Steps Mining Concentration of Ore Extraction of Metal Refining (Purification) Extraction Based on Reactivity (A) Highly Reactive Metals

Examples:

Potassium Sodium Calcium

Method: Electrolysis

(B) Moderately Reactive Metals

Examples:

Zinc Iron Lead

Method: Reduction using carbon (coke).

Example:

ZnO + C → Zn + CO

(C) Least Reactive Metals

Examples:

Gold Silver Platinum

These are often found in the native (free) state.

12. Corrosion Definition

The slow destruction of metals due to reaction with air, moisture, or chemicals is called corrosion.